Pliotoxaster buitronae new species (Echinoidea) from the Lower Aptian from the Maestrat Basin (Iberian Peninsula)
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Abstract
Within Echinoidea, the order Spatangoida is currently the most diverse group with about 350 living species and about 1700 fossil species having been described. In the Aptian the order is diversifying. The Maestrat Basin (Iberian Peninsula) is in the area of influence of the European, African and the small Iberian plates. It was active from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous, a rifting phase related to the central and northern opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The sediments deposited in the basin were elevated and folded during the Tertiary. The Maestrat Basin has a great wealth of Echinoidea of the order Spatangoida, which has not been studied sufficiently. The study of the order Spatangoida in the Aptian is especially interesting because it coincides with the decline of the genus Toxaster, which extends from the Valanginian to the Aptian, and just when the genus Pliotoxaster (Aptian-Cenomanian) emerges. Perhaps there is a substitution between the two genera and the Maestrat Basin is a good location to try to verify this hypothesis. The immediate objective of this study is to improve our knowledge of the fossil fauna of Echinoidea in the Maestrat Basin. There are also some longer-term objectives. Firstly, to investigate the replacement of the genus Toxaster by Pliotoxaster and, secondly, to develop a biozone for the Echinoidea basin, where the Spatangoids, due to their abundance, can play an important role. This research is based on a previous quantitative work with an important sample size (1871 specimens) that has allowed us to understand the intraspecific variability and the behaviour of the basic measures (length, width and height) along the ontogeny of the individual. Having many specimens with good conservation has made it possible to study all the significant characters for the classification of the species. This paper describes a new species: Pliotoxaster buitronae, from the lower Aptian, Margas del Forcall Formation, from Fuentes de Rubielos (Aragon, Spain). It advances the knowledge of the fauna of Echinoidea in the sedimentary basin of the Maestrat. Knowledge of the genus Pliotoxaster and the changes that occur within the order Spatangoida in the Aptian is improved. The species is dedicated to the eminent mexican paleontologist Blanca Estela Buitrón Sánchez who has contributed so much to our understanding of the Echinoidea class in Mexico and surrounding areas. Although this work has been limited to the study of a single species of Spatangoida from the Maestrat Basin, it has implications on the accuracy of the definition of the genus Pliotoxaster itself; and confirms the existence of this genus in the basin in the lower Aptian, at the beginning of its expansion. The study concludes that the genus Pliotoxaster is considered valid and the convenience of making a correction in its diagnosis is pointed out. The apical system of Pliotoxaster can be both hemilytic (semiethmolytic), with the madreporite plate separating the two posterior genital plates (as considered so far) and ethmophract, with the G1 and G4 plates in contact, as occurs in the new species herein described.
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